LAB+4+and+5

Discussion In Exercise 4A we separated and identified pigments that were taken from spinach. We were able to see a separation of the pigments by using filter paper and a solvent. This happened because as the solvent was absorbed by the filter paper it spread the pigments and we could identify them by the distance they traveled. We then calculated the relationship between the distance moved by a pigment and the distance a solvent moved. We can generalize that all plants contain different pigments due to the results of the experiment. Something we might have done incorrectly was the measurement of the distance different pigments traveled. This would have made our calculations askew as well. Something that could verify our results is repeating the experiment, that way we will be able to have multiple tests to draw our results from. The purpose of Exercise 4B was to test different effects on the transmittance level. We found that more transmittance showed a lower level effectiveness in the absorption. This exercise showed that chlorophyll absorbs light. In general we can say that more effective chlorophyll absorbs more light. Something that could make this lab more effective would be to use alight buffer that could be compared to chlorophyll so we can see how effective chlorophyll actually is. The purpose of Exercise 5 was to measure the rate of respiration of peas by measuring oxygen consumption. We found that germinating peas consume more oxygen because they grow and thus respire more rapidly. The glass bead didn’t respire at all because they are just glass, which also confirms that our setup was working properly. Through this exercise we can generalize that all living things respire at different rates. A mistake that we made in this lab was not including 12 peas in the dry peas and beads respirometer. A question that is raised by this experiment is if the rate of respiration is proportional to an organism’s size. We could test this by using something bigger then a pea.

all right guys ill be back late tonight :)

Cellular respiration- If cellular respiration occurs at lower temperatures, then the rate of respiration will decrease because the molecules collide slower reducing the amount of reactions. Photosynthesis- If there is a change in temperature, light intensity, or wavelength, then the photosynthetic rate will be affected because these are essential factors in photosynthesis.
 * Hypotheses**

Cellular Respiration is necessary for all living organisms. It’s a cycle where energy is created for the cell to function. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from the reduction-oxidation reactions that occur in and outside of the mitochondria of a cell (Lab Manual 5 1). Anaerobic respiration is the same process only another molecule replaces oxygen as the final electron acceptor and water isn’t produced. Nevertheless, this process produces less ATP than aerobic respiration. Cellular respiration contains enzymes that lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions. Molecules collide with the proper orientation to produce a product in chemical reactions. The more those collisions occur, the more the products form and the more the rate increases. Temperature is one of the few factors that affect enzyme efficiency. If cellular respiration occurs at lower temperatures, then the rate of respiration will decrease because the molecules collide slowly  reducing the amount of reactions. The formula for cellular respiration is C 6 H 12 O 6  + 6 O 2  → 6 CO 2  + 6 H 2 O. From this formula we can predict the rate of cellular respiration by examining the amount of O <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"> consumed and the amount of CO <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"> produced. (Lab Manual 5 1)
 * Introduction**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">In order to measure the amount of O2 consumed or the amount of CO2 produced, it is important to know the ideal gas law. The law is PV=nRT. P is the pressure of a gas in atmospheres (atm), V is the volume of a gas in liters (L), n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the rate constant for gas (0.0821 L-atm/moles-K), and T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvins (K). (Gases 3) From the ideal gas law, it can be concluded that if the pressure and temperature are kept constant then the number of moles and volume will be directly proportional to each other (Lab Manual 5 2). According to Boyle’s Law, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional (Gases 6). Charles’s Law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional (Gases 7). Another law often called Gay-Lussac or Amonton states that pressure and temperature are directly proportional (Gases 8). Gases diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (Lab Manual 5 2). Plants have another type of respiration that helps them create their own energy.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Photosynthesis is a process where plants take in sunlight and convert it into energy. The formula for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2, the reverse of cellular respiration. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of a plant cell. This process is split up into light reactions and dark reactions. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane while dark reactions occur in the stoma. Light reactions require light in order to function while dark reactions don’t. Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids are pigments in light reactions used to absorb and reflect light (Lab Manual 4 1). Chlorophyll a and b absorb blue and red light while cartenoids absorb blue-green light (Vermaas 1). Since chlorophyll a is the primary pigment, green light is reflected because it doesn’t absorb the wavelength of light for green. After the light reactions, ATP is produced and NADP+ is reduced to become NADPH. These new molecules are used as energy sources for the Calvin-Benson cycle for the fixation of CO2 which occurs in the dark reactions. (Vermaas 7) Carbon fixation occurs to convert CO2 into organic molecules such as glucose (Lab Manual 4 4).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. These factors include temperature, light intensity, wavelength, and consumption of CO2 (Vermaas 9). At higher temperatures, photosynthetic rate works at a faster pace. However, if the temperature is too high, then the enzymes used in photosynthesis denature and the process no longer is able to function. At lower temperatures, photosynthetic rate slows down. Light is required for photosynthesis to occur because of the dependence of light reactions. Wavelength has an affect because pigments absorb different wavelengths in order to produce energy. Light with wavelengths below 330 nm can have a detrimental effect on plants though some plants have pigments that are capable of absorbing these wavelengths (Vermaas 3). According to the photosynthetic formula, CO2 is consumed. The more CO2 consumed the more the reaction shifts the right to increase the production of O2 and glucose (Vermaas 9). If there is a change in temperature, light intensity, or wavelength, then the photosynthetic rate will be affected because all these factors are essential for photosynthesis to occur. Molecules produced in photosynthesis are then used for cellular respiration in plants.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Works Cited **

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Gases”. Chemtutor. 2011. Chemtutor, LLC. 1 Nov. 2011. <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">< <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">[] <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">>

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">L ab Manual. Lab Four: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lab Manual. Lab Five: Cell Respiration.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vermaas, Wim. An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its Applications. 12 June. 2007. Center <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">for Bioenergy & Photosynthesis, <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Arizona <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">State University. 1 Nov. 2011. <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">< <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">[] <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">>